The police officer's job—besides protecting and serving the public—is to make arrests. In fact, some police officers are tasked with "arrest goals" or "arrest quotas" that they are expected to achieve each week. When a police officer stops you on the street, in your car, or even knocks on your door at home, chances are good that the officer believes that you have information that will assist in making an arrest. Knowing this, should you speak with the police officer? Should you let the officer search your home or car? And what happens if you don't?
Here are some general rules and factors to consider before or when speaking to police officers. (Also know that being respectful and staying calm can go a long way. The less uneventful your interaction is, the better.)
Understand consent. As a general rule, if a police officer doesn't suspect you of a particular crime, you don't have to answer questions or submit to a search (we discuss the exceptions, below). However, if you consent—that is, you agree to talk to a police officer or agree to be searched—the information provided can be used against you or against others. In other words, your consent permits the officer to do what the officer is otherwise not permitted to do. The police don't even have to inform you that your consent is optional. If you do agree to answer a police officer's question or submit to a search, keep two things in mind: you can always withdraw your consent if you don't want to continue, and there is no "off the record" when you provide information to the police.
Providing I.D. In many states, a police officer can stop you in public and require that you provide identification, even if there is no reason to suspect you of criminal activity. In some states, failure to identify to a police officer is a crime. In all states, drivers who are stopped for driving infractions must furnish identification when requested.
No "Miranda" needed. If a police officer has not taken you into custody or prevented you from leaving, the officer can ask you questions without reciting your Miranda rights. The information you provide can be used against you. Miranda rights must be read to a person only when the person is being interrogated and is in custody (not free to walk away).
Delay, if necessary. If you are not detained or in custody, you can always delay answering questions by asking the officer to return at another time. That may give you an opportunity to learn more about the law, weigh the consequences of your answers, or speak to an attorney.
Silence may be golden. If you have any reason to believe that you may be implicated in a crime, lawyers typically advise that you remain silent and simply don't answer a police officer's questions, at least until you have consulted with an attorney. If stopped for a DUI, for example, you could furnish identification and take the appropriate tests, as required by law, but you need not answer other questions as to how much you had to drink or where you had been. If you are arrested and take the stand at trial, your silence may not be used against you—for example, the prosecutor may not argue to the jury, "If he didn't commit the crime, why didn't he deny it instead of remaining silent?"
Wearing a wire. Police cannot force you to wear a wire and help them to incriminate another suspect. You must consent to wearing a wire, and police cannot force, coerce, or lie in order to gain your consent. Before you agree to any situation that requires you to wear a wire, talk to a lawyer.
A police officer who believes you have committed a traffic offense can arrest you and, under some circumstances, frisk your passengers for suspected weapons. For example, if you've committed a routine traffic offense such as running a red light, a police officer can order the occupants out of the car, and if the officer has a "reasonable belief" that someone in the car is carrying a weapon, the officer can conduct a short "frisk" or "pat-down" of the suspect.
Searching the car. During a routine traffic stop, the officer cannot search your car unless the officer has a warrant or a "reasonable belief" that weapons or other evidence of a crime is in the car and the occupants might destroy the contraband. An officer who doesn't have probable cause for searching cannot use the traffic stop as a pretext for an extensive search. If the officer has probable cause, the officer can search the car and the occupants' possessions without a search warrant.
Emergencies. During certain emergencies—for example, a car accident with injured motorists—a police officer may justify a warrantless search of a car. An officer at a routine traffic stop can also briefly question the driver and passengers about matters unrelated to the traffic stop.
Checkpoints. Police officers can stop and question all drivers on a particular traffic route for sobriety, narcotics, or for illegal immigrants (near border crossings). These so-called "checkpoints" are legal, provided that the police follow the same procedures with respect to all motorists on a route—that is, they don't discriminate by stopping, say, only those drivers who appear to be of a particular ethnicity.
Read more about speaking to police after you have been pulled over.
If a police officer comes to your residence and wants to question you, you don't have to let the officer in or answer any questions. You don't have to consent to any searches unless the officer has a search warrant or can justify the search on an emergency basis, as explained below.
Plain view. Of course, you are always free to speak with a police officer and there are many reasons why it may be in your best interest to do so—for example, you were the witness to, or victim of, a crime. However, keep in mind that if a police officer enters your residence with your consent and sees any contraband or evidence of criminal activity that is in plain view, the officer can seize that material and use it in a criminal proceeding, even though he didn't have a search warrant. By the way, in most states, the police don't need a warrant to search any trash that you leave out for collection.
Emergencies. Officers can enter residences without a warrant in certain emergencies. For example, if the officer is in "hot pursuit" of a suspected felon who runs into the residence, an officer hears shouts for help, or a police officer is responding to a complaint and sees evidence of criminal activity. This right is granted because the police officer has an obligation to protect the public and preserve evidence.
If you have questions regarding your rights when speaking to the police, contact a criminal defense attorney. An attorney can help you understand your rights, how to best protect them, and if needed, argue to suppress (exclude) any evidence obtained in violation of your rights.